As one of the countries with the most frequent seismic activity in the world, Japan has long been facing severe earthquake risks. From the historical Great Kanto Earthquake to the recent Great East Japan Earthquake, earthquake disasters have had a profound and lasting impact on Japanese society and economy. For companies operating in Japan, fully understanding and effectively responding to earthquake risks is not only related to the company’s own survival and development, but also an important commitment to employee safety and social responsibility.

In this context, disaster prevention work in commercial buildings is particularly important. A well-designed and properly managed disaster prevention system can not only maximize the protection of personnel when an earthquake occurs, but also significantly reduce property losses and ensure that companies can quickly resume operations after a disaster. However, disaster prevention is not a one-and-done job. With the advancement of science and technology and the accumulation of experience, Japan’s disaster prevention standards and technologies are constantly being updated and improved.

Therefore, it is crucial for all businesses operating in Japan, especially those from overseas, to always adhere to the latest safety standards. This is not only a need for legal compliance, but also the basis for ensuring the long-term and stable development of enterprises in the Japanese market. The latest safety standards usually incorporate the latest scientific research results and practical experience, and can more effectively respond to various possible disaster situations.

This guide aims to provide enterprises with a comprehensive, detailed self-inspection framework for commercial building disaster prevention facilities that complies with the latest Japanese safety standards. Through systematic self-examination, enterprises can comprehensively assess their own disaster preparedness, identify potential risk points, and take corresponding improvement measures. This will not only improve the overall safety level of the company, but also enhance employees’ safety awareness and emergency response capabilities, laying a solid foundation for the company’s sustainable development in Japan.

Building structural safety

Building structural safety is the cornerstone of Japan’s commercial building disaster prevention system and is directly related to the performance of buildings in natural disasters such as earthquakes. As an earthquake-prone country, Japan has particularly strict requirements for the safety of building structures. This section will comprehensively elaborate on the key elements of building structural safety from four aspects: seismic grade assessment, seismic reinforcement measures, foundation stability inspection and structural integrity review.

1.1 Seismic resistance level evaluation

Seismic grade assessment is the core indicator for judging the earthquake resistance of buildings. Japan’s Building Standards Act stipulates the minimum seismic resistance standards for buildings, but in order to better cope with strong earthquakes, many buildings adopt higher seismic resistance levels.

The seismic performance classification of buildings is usually divided into three levels: Level 1 meets the minimum legal requirements and can protect personal safety in moderate earthquakes; Level 2 can protect personal safety and minimize building damage in major earthquakes; Level 3 It can protect personal safety and ensure the basic functions of the building in the greatest earthquake.

The analysis of the latest earthquake-resistant standards needs to take into account the multiple revisions of Japan’s Building Standards Law since 2000. These revisions strengthen requirements for supertall buildings and long-span structures, introduce performance-based design concepts, and enhance consideration of long-period ground motions. When evaluating, companies should pay special attention to the matching of the building’s natural cycle with the earthquake cycle, as well as the structure’s ductility and energy-dissipation capacity.

1.2 Seismic reinforcement measures

For existing buildings, especially those built to older standards, it is crucial to implement seismic strengthening measures.

Common reinforcement methods include adding shear walls, reinforcing existing columns and beams, adding steel frames, etc. Among them, carbon fiber reinforced (CFRP) technology is widely used in Japan because of its light weight and high strength. Another emerging approach is the use of viscoelastic dampers, which effectively absorb seismic energy and reduce the vibration response of buildings.

The effectiveness of reinforcement is usually evaluated through a combination of finite element analysis and actual vibration testing. The evaluation software SNAP developed by the Building Research Institute of Japan (BRI) is a widely used tool in the industry. After enterprises carry out reinforcement, they should conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation to ensure that the reinforcement measures achieve the expected results.

1.3 Foundation stability inspection

Foundation stability directly affects the overall safety of the building. In Japan, due to complex geological conditions, foundation stability inspection is particularly important.

Foundation settlement detection is a long-term work, usually using a combination of precision leveling and tilt observation. In recent years, the optical fiber sensing technology developed in Japan can realize real-time monitoring of foundation settlement, making it possible to detect problems in time.

Soil liquefaction risk assessment is particularly important in coastal areas of Japan. Evaluation methods include the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Cone Penetration Test (CPT). The FLIP software developed by Japan Harbor and Airport Technology Research Institute is a powerful tool for liquefaction analysis. Enterprises should evaluate the liquefaction risk of the site based on geological reports and historical data, and take foundation reinforcement measures when necessary.

1.4 Structural integrity review

Structural integrity reviews are critical to ensuring the long-term safety of your building.

Wall crack inspection not only focuses on the width and length of cracks, but also analyzes the type and development trend of cracks. The Architectural Institute of Japan recommends the use of equipment such as crack width gauges and ultrasonic flaw detectors for accurate measurements. It’s important to note that some seemingly innocuous cosmetic cracks may be indicative of deeper structural problems.

Beam and column deformation monitoring is an important part of structural health monitoring. Modern monitoring systems often employ fiber optic strain sensors and acceleration sensors that can capture small changes in structures in real time. Some advanced systems in Japan are even able to predict long-term performance changes of structures based on artificial intelligence technology. When conducting monitoring, enterprises should pay special attention to stress concentration and fatigue damage accumulation at key nodes.

Through comprehensive inspections and assessments in the above four aspects, companies can accurately grasp the safety status of building structures and provide scientific basis for subsequent maintenance and reinforcement work, thereby ensuring that buildings can provide reliable protection in the face of natural disasters such as earthquakes.

Fire safety facilities

Fire safety facilities are an integral part of Japan’s commercial building disaster prevention system. As a highly urbanized country, Japan has extremely strict requirements for fire prevention and control. This section will comprehensively explain the key elements of fire safety facilities and their unique application practices in Japan from four aspects: fire alarm system, fire sprinkler system, fire extinguisher equipment and fire partition setting.

2.1 Fire alarm system

Fire alarm systems are key to detecting fires early and initiating emergency measures quickly. Japan’s requirements for fire alarm systems are not just at the installation level, but also emphasize the intelligence and reliability of the system.

The distribution of smoke detectors is required to follow the “dense coverage” principle in Japan. According to the enforcement rules of Japan’s Fire Protection Law, at least one detector should be installed every 50 square meters in general places, while for high-risk areas such as electrical rooms and kitchens, one detector should be installed every 30 square meters. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of photoelectric smoke detectors in recent years. This type of detector is more sensitive to slow-burning fires and can effectively reduce false alarms.

The regular testing process of alarm systems is considered a core component of fire safety management in Japan. Standard testing procedures include monthly functional testing and annual comprehensive inspections. Functional testing usually includes simulated triggering and communication testing, while comprehensive inspections involve detector sensitivity testing, line integrity checks, etc. The Japan Fire Agency also requires building managers to keep detailed test records, which are required during fire inspections.

2.2 Fire sprinkler system

Fire sprinkler systems are an important barrier to controlling the spread of fire. Japan has unique and strict regulations on the design and maintenance of sprinkler systems.

The calculation of the nozzle coverage area adopts the “worst point method” in Japan. This approach takes into account factors such as the building’s height, use and fire load. For example, for general office areas, the maximum coverage area of ​​each sprinkler head is 20 square meters, while for high-risk areas such as warehouses storing flammable items, the requirement may be reduced to 10 square meters. Japan also places special emphasis on the uniformity of nozzle layout, requiring that the distance between adjacent nozzles shall not exceed 1.2 times the specified value.

Hydrostatic testing is key to ensuring the effectiveness of your sprinkler system. Japanese fire protection laws require a comprehensive hydrostatic test to be conducted annually. During the test, the system needs to be able to maintain a pressure of at least 0.1MPa at the most unfavorable point for no less than 60 minutes. It is worth noting that after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Japan strengthened its requirements for the seismic performance of sprinkler systems, including increasing flexible connections of pipelines and strengthening support structures.

2.3 Fire extinguisher equipment

As an important tool for initial fire control, fire extinguishers are equipped in Japanese commercial buildings following the principles of “diversity” and “easy access”.

The use scenarios of different types of fire extinguishers are clearly regulated in Japan. For example, general office areas are mainly equipped with ABC dry powder fire extinguishers, while kitchen areas are required to be equipped with Class K fire extinguishers, which are specially used for grease fires. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are commonly used in electrical equipment areas. A unique practice in Japan is to equip each floor of high-rise buildings with lightweight fire hoses. This equipment is between a fire extinguisher and a fire hydrant and can effectively deal with medium-sized fires.

Regular inspection and replacement cycles of fire extinguishers are strictly controlled in Japan. Regulations require semi-annual visual inspections and annual weighing or pressure inspections. For dry powder fire extinguishers, the service life is 10 years, while carbon dioxide fire extinguishers can be used for 15 years. A unique practice in Japan is to require that the next inspection date be marked on the fire extinguisher, and that it be inspected and maintained by a professional organization. Expired or invalid fire extinguishers must be professionally disposed of in accordance with environmental protection requirements and must not be discarded casually.

2.4 Fire partition settings

Fire zoning is an important measure to control the spread of fire and ensure the safety of evacuation routes. Japan has unique and strict regulations in this regard.

The performance requirements of fire doors are divided into three levels in Japan: Class A, Class B and Class C. For high-rise buildings and large commercial facilities, it is usually required to use Class A fire doors with a fire resistance time of not less than 60 minutes. Japan places special emphasis on the automatic closing function of fire doors, requiring them to be able to close automatically in the event of a fire alarm while retaining the possibility of manual opening for evacuation. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of fire doors with anti-smoke functions in recent years. Such doors can not only block flames, but also effectively prevent the spread of smoke.

Fire zoning area regulations vary in Japan depending on building type and use. Generally speaking, the area of ​​each fire compartment of a fire-resistant building shall not exceed 1,500 square meters, but for special purposes such as theaters, department stores, etc., smaller compartment areas may be required. A unique practice in Japan is to set up a front room at the boundary of the fire zone. This design can further delay the spread of fire and buy more time for evacuation. In addition, Japan also requires fire curtains or fire shutters to be installed between fire partitions. These devices can automatically lower themselves in the event of a fire to form temporary fire partitions.

Through the comprehensive planning and implementation of the above four aspects, Japanese commercial buildings can build a multi-layered and efficient fire safety defense line. This can not only effectively prevent the occurrence and spread of fire, but also maximize the protection of personnel and property safety when a fire occurs. When designing and maintaining fire safety facilities, enterprises should fully consider these special requirements and advanced practices in Japan to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of the fire protection system.

Emergency evacuation system

The emergency evacuation system is a core component of the safety design of Japanese commercial buildings and is directly related to the life safety of personnel when a disaster occurs. As a country prone to earthquakes and with dense urban population, Japan has unique and strict requirements for the design and management of emergency evacuation systems. This section will comprehensively explain the key elements of the emergency evacuation system and its special application in Japan from four aspects: emergency exit setting, evacuation path planning, emergency lighting system and evacuation signage layout.

3.1 Emergency exit settings

Reasonable setting of emergency exits is the primary condition to ensure rapid evacuation. Japan’s regulations in this regard not only take into account the area and use of the building, but also pay special attention to the density of people and the special layout of the building.

The relationship between export quantity and building area follows a progressive standard in Japan. According to the Building Standards Act Enforcement Order, establishments with a building area of ​​less than 200 square meters must have at least two exits, and one additional exit for every 200 square meters in area. However, this is only the minimum requirement. For crowded places, such as large shopping malls or conference centers, the Japan Fire Department recommends stricter standards, usually one additional exit for every 100 people. It is worth noting that Japan places special emphasis on the decentralized layout of exits, requiring that the angle between any location and the nearest two exits is not less than 60 degrees. This can effectively avoid evacuation difficulties caused by a single exit being blocked.

The brightness requirements for export signs are clearly defined in Japan. According to the Fire Law Enforcement Rules, exit signs should have a brightness of at least 200cd/m² under normal lighting conditions, and are required to maintain a brightness of at least 60cd/m² under emergency conditions. Unique to Japan, exit signs are required to be self-illuminating and remain visible even in the event of a complete power outage. In addition, Japan also promotes the use of dynamic evacuation indication systems. This system can dynamically adjust the indication direction according to the actual situation of fire or other disasters to guide people away from dangerous areas.

3.2 Evacuation path planning

Scientific planning of evacuation routes is the key to ensuring rapid and orderly evacuation. Japan’s regulations in this regard not only take into account the physical characteristics of the building, but also fully consider the dynamic characteristics of the flow of people.

The calculation of the maximum evacuation distance in Japan uses “actual walking distance” rather than straight-line distance. According to the Building Standards Act, the distance from any location in a general building to the nearest safety exit shall not exceed 50 meters, but for buildings equipped with automatic sprinkler systems, this distance can be extended to 75 meters. However, research by the Japan Fire Science Center shows that in an emergency, the actual walking speed of personnel may be reduced by more than 40%. Therefore, many advanced commercial buildings adopt more conservative standards and control the maximum evacuation distance within 30-40 meters.

The regulations on the width of evacuation passages follow the “flow of people” principle in Japan. The basic requirement is a passage width of 60 cm for every 100 people evacuated. But this is only a minimum standard, and margins are usually left in actual designs. For example, for large commercial complexes, the Architectural Institute of Japan recommends increasing this ratio to 80 centimeters per 100 people. It is particularly worth mentioning that after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Japan strengthened its consideration for wheelchair users and required the width of main evacuation passages to be no less than 120 cm to ensure that wheelchairs can pass smoothly.

3.3 Emergency lighting system

Emergency lighting systems are key to ensuring safe evacuation of personnel in the event of a power outage. Japan’s requirements in this regard not only focus on the duration of lighting, but also place special emphasis on lighting quality and uniformity.

Lighting duration requirements vary in Japan depending on the type of building. General commercial buildings require emergency lighting to last for at least 30 minutes, while for high-rise buildings or underground buildings, this time is extended to 60 minutes. However, research from the Japan Fire Science Center shows that completing a full evacuation in a complex building may take longer. Therefore, many large commercial facilities voluntarily adopt higher standards and extend the emergency lighting duration to 90 minutes or even 120 minutes. A unique approach in Japan is to integrate the battery status monitoring function into the emergency lighting system, which can evaluate the remaining lighting time in real time and transmit the information to the central control room.

Illuminance standards and measurement methods are strictly regulated in Japan. The fire protection law requires a minimum illumination of 1 lux on the floor of evacuation routes, and in critical areas such as stairs, this standard is raised to 2 lux. The measurement method adopts the grid method, which requires setting up a measurement point every 2 meters on the ground, and taking the reading at the most unfavorable point as the basis for judgment. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of LED emergency lighting in recent years. This kind of lighting is not only energy-saving and environmentally friendly, but also provides more uniform light distribution. Some advanced systems can even automatically adjust brightness according to ambient light, ensuring maximum illumination while saving power to the maximum extent.

3.4 Arrangement of evacuation signs

The scientific arrangement of evacuation signs is the key to guiding people to find safe exits quickly. Japan’s regulations in this regard not only take into account the visual effects, but also fully consider the psychological and behavioral characteristics of people in emergencies.

The regulation of sign spacing follows the “continuous visibility” principle in Japan. The basic requirement is that on straight corridors, the distance between adjacent signs should not exceed 20 meters. However, around corners or in complex spaces, this distance may need to be shortened to 10 meters or even less. The Japan Fire Department places special emphasis on adding signage in areas where vision may be obstructed, such as behind pillars or partitions. A unique approach is to use hanging double-sided signs in large open spaces, which significantly improves the sign’s visibility.

The low-level evacuation indication system is an innovative design promoted by Japan after the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995. This kind of system is usually installed 30 centimeters above the ground, mainly considering that the visibility of low-level areas is relatively high in dense smoke environments. Systems usually use LED strips or photoluminescent materials that can continue to glow for at least 30 minutes in the event of a complete power outage. Some advanced systems also integrate sound and light alarm functions, which can send out flashing signals and sound prompts in emergency situations to further enhance the guidance effect. Research by the Japan Fire Science Center shows that the low-level evacuation indication system can shorten the evacuation time in a smoke environment by more than 20%.

Electrical system safety

Electrical system safety is the cornerstone of modern commercial building operations and is directly related to the normal operation of the building and the safety of personnel. As a country with advanced technology and extremely high safety requirements, Japan has unique and strict standards for electrical system safety management. This section will comprehensively explain the key elements of electrical system safety and its special application practices in Japan from four aspects: electrical insulation testing, emergency power generation system, lightning protection facility inspection and distribution system safety.

4.1 Electrical insulation testing

Electrical insulation testing is a key measure to prevent electrical fires and electric shock accidents. Japan’s requirements in this regard not only focus on regular testing, but also place special emphasis on the accuracy and safety of testing methods.

Insulation resistance testing methods follow strict standard procedures in Japan. According to Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), the insulation resistance test of low-voltage electrical equipment usually uses a 500V megohmmeter, and the insulation resistance value is required to be no less than 0.1MΩ. However, for areas where medical equipment or precision instruments are located, the Japan Electrical Engineers Association recommends using lower voltage (such as 250V) test instruments to avoid damage to sensitive equipment. During testing, Japan particularly emphasizes the concept of “zonal testing”, which divides the electrical system of large buildings into multiple areas for independent testing. This not only improves testing efficiency, but also more accurately locates potential problems. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of online insulation monitoring systems in recent years. This system can continuously monitor insulation conditions without interruption of power, greatly improving the timeliness and safety of detection.

Functional inspection of leakage protectors is regarded as a top priority in electrical safety management in Japan. Japanese electrical safety regulations require functional testing of leakage protectors at least once a month. The test method usually involves pressing the test button and using a professional leakage protector tester. A unique Japanese approach is to set up an automatic test function on the leakage protector. This design can automatically conduct functional tests regularly and record the results in the built-in memory. In addition, Japan also promotes the use of advanced leakage protectors with waveform recognition functions. This device can distinguish between normal operating current and fault current, effectively reducing false tripping.

4.2 Emergency power generation system

The emergency power generation system is the last line of defense to ensure the continued operation of critical equipment in the building during a power outage. Japan’s design and management in this regard take into account both conventional needs and emergency needs in special circumstances such as earthquakes.

The calculation of generator capacity adopts the “graded load” method in Japan. According to the recommendations of the Japan Electrical Engineers Association, emergency loads are usually divided into three levels: first-level loads include fire-fighting equipment, emergency lighting and other equipment that must be continuously powered; second-level loads include elevators, ventilation systems and other equipment that can be powered off for a short time; Level 3 loads are non-critical equipment that can be powered off for an extended period of time. When calculating capacity, the first-level load requires 100% coverage, the second-level load usually considers 50-70% coverage, and the third-level load depends on the specific situation. It is particularly worth mentioning that after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Japan strengthened its requirements for the seismic performance of power generation systems, including adding anti-seismic brackets, adopting flexible connections and other measures.

Testing of automatic start systems follows strict procedures in Japan. The standard requires no-load testing once a month and a loaded test once a year. The test includes not only the starting time of the generator (usually required to be completed within 10 seconds), but also the reliability check of the switching device. Japan’s unique approach is to simulate multiple fault conditions during testing, such as fuel system faults, cooling system faults, etc., to comprehensively evaluate the system’s emergency response capabilities. Some advanced emergency power generation systems are also equipped with remote monitoring and diagnostic functions, which can monitor the system status in real time and automatically send alerts when abnormalities occur.

4.3 Inspection of lightning protection facilities

Lightning protection facilities are key to protecting buildings and their electrical equipment from damage caused by lightning strikes. As a country prone to thunderstorms, Japan has unique and strict requirements for the design and maintenance of lightning protection facilities.

The measurement of lightning rod ground resistance usually adopts the three-point method or the four-point method in Japan. According to Japanese industrial standards, the grounding resistance value of the lightning protection system should not exceed 10Ω. For special buildings such as data centers, this requirement may be more stringent and is usually controlled below 5Ω. When measuring, Japan places special emphasis on choosing appropriate weather conditions, usually in dry weather to avoid the influence of soil moisture on the measurement results. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of ground resistance testers with data recording functions in recent years. This equipment can monitor the changing trend of ground resistance over a long period of time, helping to detect potential problems early.

Equipotential bonding inspection is another focus of Japanese lightning protection system maintenance. Equipotential bonding aims to ensure that all metal parts in a building are at the same potential, thereby preventing dangerous potential differences. Inspection methods include visual inspection and electrical continuity testing. A unique practice in Japan is to set up equipotential bonding test points at key parts of the building. These test points are usually hidden behind removable panels to facilitate regular inspections. For large buildings, Japan also recommends the use of thermal imaging technology to detect the integrity of equipotential connections. This method can quickly identify abnormally hot connection points and improve inspection efficiency.

4.4 Distribution system safety

Distribution system safety is the core to ensuring stable power supply and preventing electrical accidents. Japan’s management in this area focuses on both hardware inspection and software monitoring.

The “thermal load test” method is usually used for overload protection inspection of distribution boxes in Japan. This method simulates full-load operation and checks the response time and temperature rise of circuit breakers and fuses. According to the recommendations of the Japan Electrical Engineers Association, the tripping time of a circuit breaker should not exceed 1.2 times the manufacturer’s specified value, and the temperature rise should not exceed the ambient temperature by 30°C. It is particularly worth mentioning that Japan has promoted the use of intelligent power distribution systems in recent years. This system can monitor the load conditions of each circuit in real time and automatically adjust the load or issue an alarm when an overload occurs.

Cable aging assessment uses a multi-parameter comprehensive analysis method in Japan. The evaluation content includes insulation resistance test, partial discharge test, dielectric loss test, etc. Japan pays special attention to the environmental factors of cable use, such as temperature, humidity, mechanical stress, etc., and these factors will be included in the aging assessment model. For important lines, Japan also recommends the use of online partial discharge monitoring systems, which can continuously monitor the insulation condition of cables without interruption of power. It is worth noting that after the Fukushima nuclear accident, Japan strengthened its research on the impact of nuclear radiation on cable aging and applied relevant findings to cable management in ordinary buildings, further improving the accuracy of the assessment.

Through system inspection and meticulous management in the above four aspects, Japanese commercial buildings can build a safe and reliable electrical system. This not only effectively prevents electrical fires and electric shock accidents, but also ensures the continued operation of the building under various extreme conditions. When conducting electrical system safety management, enterprises can fully learn from these special requirements and advanced practices of Japan to continuously improve the safety and reliability of the system.

Flood protection measures

Flood protection is an indispensable and important link in the safety management of modern commercial buildings, especially in a country like Japan that is prone to rain and typhoons. Japan’s flood protection measures not only take into account regular rainfall, but also fully consider secondary disasters caused by extreme weather and earthquakes. This section will comprehensively explain the key elements of flood protection measures and their special application practices in Japan from four aspects: drainage system inspection, waterproofing facility assessment, underground space waterproofing and roof waterproofing system.

5.1 Drainage system inspection

The effective operation of drainage systems is the first line of defense against flooding in buildings. Japan’s requirements in this regard not only focus on the design capacity of the system, but also place special emphasis on emergency handling capabilities in extreme situations.

The calculation of roof drainage capacity adopts the “once in a hundred years” standard in Japan. According to the Architectural Institute of Japan’s guidelines, roof drainage systems should be designed to cope with the intensity of a 100-year rainstorm, usually based on a rainfall of 150-200 millimeters per hour. The calculation takes into account not only the roof area but also the additional water collection that may result from surrounding buildings. Japan’s unique approach is to add a “safety factor” to the calculation, usually 1.2-1.5, to cope with the extreme weather that climate change may bring. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of intelligent drainage systems in recent years. This system can automatically adjust the drainage rate based on real-time weather data to effectively prevent overloading of drainage pipes.

Functional testing of underground drainage pumps follows strict procedures in Japan. The standard requires no-load testing once a month and full-load testing every six months. The test includes the pump start-up time (usually required to be completed within 30 seconds), drainage flow rate and continuous operation capability. Japan places special emphasis on the backup power supply of drainage pumps, requiring it to be able to run continuously for at least 3 hours in the event of a power outage. Some advanced commercial buildings also adopt dual backup systems, that is, in addition to conventional diesel generators, they are also equipped with battery systems to cope with extreme situations of fuel supply interruption. In addition, Japanese drainage pump systems are usually equipped with remote monitoring functions, which can monitor water level changes and pump operating status in real time, and automatically alarm when abnormalities occur.

5.2 Assessment of waterproofing facilities

Waterproofing is a key barrier against external flooding. Japan’s design and evaluation standards in this regard take both hydrostatic pressure and dynamic water impact into full consideration.

Waterproof wall strength testing uses a multi-parameter evaluation method in Japan. According to the standards of the Japan Civil Engineering Society, waterproof walls should be able to withstand hydrostatic pressure of at least 3 meters of water depth. Testing methods include non-destructive testing (such as ultrasonic testing) and sampling destructive testing. A uniquely Japanese practice is to simulate seismic conditions in testing, often using shaking table testing to evaluate the performance of waterproof walls under the dual effects of earthquakes and water pressure. It is worth noting that Japan has promoted the use of fiber-reinforced composite materials (FRP) to reinforce waterproof walls in recent years. This technology not only improves the strength, but also increases the flexibility of the structure and can better cope with the combined effects of earthquakes and water pressure.

The sealing inspection of waterproof gates is regarded as a key link in the waterproof system in Japan. Inspection methods include water pressure testing and air tightness testing. Hydrostatic testing is usually carried out using a pressure equivalent to the design water level, requiring no obvious leakage under pressurization for 24 hours. The air tightness test uses compressed air or inert gas to check the gas leakage rate. Japan places special emphasis on the reliability of the gate opening and closing mechanism, requiring that it can be operated manually in the event of a power outage. Some advanced waterproof gate systems are also equipped with automated control and remote operation functions, which can automatically open and close based on data from water level sensors, greatly improving emergency response speed.

5.3 Waterproofing of underground space

Underground space waterproofing is an extremely important link in Japanese commercial buildings, especially in buildings in dense urban areas. Due to the scarcity of land resources, many commercial buildings in Japan have deep underground spaces, so waterproofing requirements are extremely high.

The waterproof coating integrity inspection adopts a comprehensive coverage inspection method in Japan. The inspection content includes visual inspection, instrument detection and sampling analysis. A unique Japanese approach is to use an electronic leak detector, a device that can pinpoint tiny breaks in the waterproofing layer through changes in the electric field. For large areas of underground space, Japan has also promoted the use of robot inspection technology, which can conduct comprehensive inspections in small or dangerous spaces, greatly improving the efficiency and safety of inspections. It is worth noting that after the Fukushima nuclear accident, Japan intensified its research on the radiation resistance properties of waterproof materials and applied relevant findings to the waterproof design of ordinary buildings, further improving the durability of the waterproof system.

The water seepage monitoring system is a major feature of underground space waterproofing management in Japan. Such systems typically include humidity sensors, water level sensors and video surveillance equipment distributed throughout the underground space. The data is analyzed in real time through the central control system, and potential water seepage problems can be discovered in time. Japan places special emphasis on the redundant design of the system, usually using multiple backups and cross-validation of different types of sensors to improve the reliability of monitoring. Some advanced systems also integrate artificial intelligence algorithms to predict possible water seepage risks and provide a basis for preventive maintenance. In addition, Japan has promoted the use of optical fiber sensing technology in recent years, which can achieve continuous and distributed monitoring of the waterproofing status of the entire underground space.

5.4 Roof waterproofing system

Roof waterproofing systems are a building’s first line of defense against rainfall and snow. Due to its unique climate conditions, Japan has particularly strict requirements for roof waterproofing systems.

The aging assessment of waterproofing layers adopts a comprehensive analysis method in Japan. The evaluation includes visual inspection, hardness test, tensile strength test and water tightness test, etc. Japan pays special attention to the weather resistance evaluation of waterproof layers, usually using accelerated aging tests to simulate the effects of long-term exposure to environmental factors such as ultraviolet rays, ozone, and acid rain. It is worth mentioning that Japan pays special attention to the synergistic performance of the waterproof layer and the building structure during the assessment, and considers the impact of structural deformation on the waterproof layer that may be caused by earthquakes and other factors. In recent years, Japan has promoted the use of new waterproof materials with self-healing functions. This material can automatically heal when tiny cracks occur, greatly extending the service life of the waterproof layer.

The cleaning and maintenance of roof drains is regarded as a key link in waterproofing system management in Japan. Japanese building management standards require comprehensive cleaning at least once a quarter, with increased frequency around typhoon season. Cleaning includes not only the drain itself, but also the removal of fallen leaves and debris from the surrounding area. A unique approach in Japan is to install condition monitoring equipment at drainage outlets, including water level sensors and cameras, which can monitor drainage conditions in real time. Some advanced systems are also equipped with automatic cleaning devices that flush drainage pipes regularly to prevent siltation. In addition, Japan also promotes the use of ecological roof gardens. This design can not only slow down rainwater runoff, but also improve the thermal insulation performance of the building, killing two birds with one stone.

Communication and monitoring system

In modern commercial buildings, communication and monitoring systems play a vital role, not only ensuring smooth daily operations, but also being a key guarantee for responding to emergencies. This section will comprehensively explain the core elements of communication and monitoring systems and their key considerations in practical applications from four aspects: emergency communication systems, surveillance camera systems, security control room equipment, and backup communication solutions.

6.1 Emergency communication system

Emergency communications systems are critical infrastructure that ensures buildings can effectively communicate information and coordinate actions during crisis situations. When designing and maintaining this system, various possible emergencies need to be taken into consideration, including fires, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, etc., to ensure that the system can still operate normally under extreme conditions.

Emergency broadcast system testing is the core part of emergency communication system maintenance. Testing typically includes audio quality checks, coverage verification, and system response time assessments. Audio quality checks need to ensure that broadcast sounds are clearly audible in all areas of the building, including noisy machine rooms and underground parking lots. This is usually achieved by using professional audio analysis instruments to measure the sound pressure level and speech intelligibility index in different areas. Coverage verification requires ensuring that there are no broadcast “dead spots” within the building. Especially in complex building structures, such as multi-layer underground spaces or high-rise reinforced concrete structures, additional speakers or signal amplifiers may be needed to ensure full coverage. System response time assessment is key to ensuring that broadcasts can be initiated quickly in an emergency. Industry standards generally require that the delay from the broadcast command to the sound output should not exceed 3 seconds. In addition, many modern systems integrate multi-language broadcast capabilities and pre-recorded messages to respond to different emergency situations and multicultural environments.

Wireless intercom coverage checks are an important step in ensuring emergency personnel can maintain communications anywhere in the building. This inspection usually involves testing signal strength and clarity at various corners of the building. Of particular note are common areas of signal shielding, such as elevator shafts, underground parking lots, and around heavy concrete walls. Signal repeaters or distributed antenna systems may need to be installed in these areas to enhance coverage. Modern wireless intercom systems usually use digital technology, which not only improves communication quality, but also supports encrypted communication to ensure information security in emergencies. Some advanced systems also integrate GPS positioning capabilities to track the location of emergency personnel in real time, which is especially useful in large and complex buildings. In addition, regular cross-department communication drills are also an important measure to ensure the actual availability of the system.

6.2 Surveillance camera system

Surveillance camera systems are a core component of modern building safety management. They are not only used for daily security, but are also an important tool for accident investigation and risk assessment. Designing and maintaining an efficient surveillance system requires a combination of coverage, image quality, and storage capabilities.

Camera blind spot analysis is a key step in optimizing the layout of the surveillance system. This analysis usually uses 3D modeling technology, combined with on-site surveys to identify potential monitoring blind spots. Areas that require special attention include building entrances, emergency exits, elevator rooms, parking lots and other key areas. During the analysis process, not only static obstacles must be considered, but also dynamic factors, such as vegetation occlusion caused by seasonal changes or the impact of temporary facilities. For areas that are difficult to monitor directly, special equipment such as fisheye lenses, PTZ (pan-tilt) cameras or multi-sensor panoramic cameras can be used. In addition, modern surveillance systems are increasingly integrating artificial intelligence technology, which can automatically identify abnormal behaviors or suspicious objects, greatly improving the efficiency and accuracy of surveillance.

Image storage capacity evaluation is an important step in ensuring long-term effective operation of the surveillance system. The evaluation needs to consider factors such as the number of cameras, recording quality, frame rate, and expected storage time. HD cameras and high frame rates, while providing clearer images, also greatly increase storage requirements. In general, surveillance footage from commercial buildings is typically stored for 30 to 90 days, but certain critical areas may require longer storage. Modern storage systems usually use RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) technology to improve data security and read and write efficiency. In addition, more and more systems are beginning to adopt cloud storage or hybrid storage solutions, which not only improves the flexibility of storage capacity, but also enhances data security and accessibility. During the evaluation process, you also need to consider the possibility of future expansion and reserve sufficient storage space and bandwidth. It is worth noting that some advanced systems have begun to adopt intelligent compression technology, which can significantly reduce storage requirements while maintaining critical information.

6.3 Security control room equipment

The safety control room is the nerve center of the entire building safety management. The reliability and functionality of its equipment directly affect the effective operation of the entire safety system. Designing and maintaining an efficient security control room requires comprehensive consideration of human-computer interaction, system integration, and emergency response.

Central console functionality checks are a critical step in ensuring efficient operation of the security control room. Modern central consoles usually integrate multiple subsystems, including video surveillance, access control, fire alarm, environmental monitoring, etc. Functional inspections require verification of the individual operations of these systems and their ability to work together. Particular attention needs to be paid to data integration and information sharing between systems to ensure that comprehensive information can be quickly obtained and correct decisions can be made in emergencies. The design of the human-machine interface is also the focus of the inspection. It needs to ensure intuitive operation, rapid response, and the ability to accurately execute commands in a high-pressure environment. Many modern consoles also incorporate large-screen display systems and interactive maps that provide a visual representation of the building’s real-time status. In addition, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, some advanced consoles have begun to introduce intelligent auxiliary decision-making systems, which can provide operators with action suggestions based on historical data and real-time information.

Backup power switching testing is a key measure to ensure that the safety control room can still operate normally in the event of a sudden power outage. Testing typically involves simulating a main power failure and checking the backup power’s automatic start-up time and power supply stability. For critical equipment, power is usually required to be restored within 10 seconds after a power outage. In addition to traditional diesel generators, many modern buildings are equipped with uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems to ensure continuous power supply during primary and backup power switching. During testing, special attention needs to be paid to the impact of power switching on sensitive equipment, such as servers and communications equipment, to ensure that they can transition smoothly without losing data or interrupting service. In addition, the continuous power supply capability of the backup power supply also needs to be evaluated, which is usually required to support the operation of critical systems for at least 4-8 hours. Some advanced systems also integrate intelligent load management functions, which can automatically shut down non-critical loads in emergency situations and extend the running time of critical systems.

6.4 Alternate communication options

In extreme cases, regular communications systems may fail, so establishing reliable backup communications options is critical to ensuring that the building remains connected to the outside world no matter what. The design of backup communication solutions needs to take into account various possible disaster scenarios to ensure that basic communication capabilities can still be maintained under the most severe conditions.

Satellite phone recommendations are an important part of developing a backup communications plan. The advantage of satellite phones is that they are independent of terrestrial communications infrastructure and can maintain communications even during large-scale natural disasters or other situations that bring down conventional communications networks. When choosing a satellite phone system, you need to consider factors such as coverage, call quality, and battery life. It is usually recommended to have at least two to three satellite phones, placed in different secure locations. In addition, regular battery replacement and equipment testing are required to ensure immediate use in an emergency. Some advanced satellite communications systems also support data transmission, which is particularly useful when critical information needs to be sent or instructions received. It is worth noting that the use of satellite phones requires special training to ensure that relevant personnel are familiar with its operation methods and usage scenarios.

The emergency communications drill process is a critical step in validating and improving backup communications options. The drill should cover a variety of possible emergency situations, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or large-scale power outages. A typical drill process includes steps such as simulating the failure of conventional communication systems, activating backup communication equipment, and establishing contact with external emergency agencies. During the exercise, special attention needs to be paid to the accuracy and timeliness of information transmission, as well as decision-making and coordination capabilities in high-pressure environments. It is generally recommended to conduct small-scale drills every quarter and large-scale comprehensive drills annually. During the drill, the execution of each link should be recorded in detail, including response time, operational difficulties, communication effects, etc., and comprehensive summaries and improvements should be made after the drill. In addition, the exercise should also include collaboration with local emergency departments to ensure rapid and effective interaction with external forces in the event of an actual emergency. Some advanced drills will also introduce virtual reality (VR) technology to create more realistic emergency scenarios and improve the authenticity and effectiveness of the drill.

Through comprehensive planning and regular maintenance of emergency communication systems, surveillance camera systems, security control room equipment and backup communication solutions, commercial buildings can build a sound and reliable communication and monitoring system. This can not only support daily safety management work, but also provide critical information support and communication guarantee in emergencies, minimizing potential losses and ensuring personnel safety. When designing and managing communication monitoring systems, enterprises should fully consider various possible risk scenarios, adopt advanced technologies, and continuously improve the system through regular testing and drills to ensure that it can operate effectively under any circumstances.

Emergency material reserves

In the safety management of commercial buildings, emergency material reserves are a key element to ensure effective response to emergencies and ensure the safety of personnel. A complete emergency supply reserve includes not only basic survival supplies such as food and drinking water, but also professional supplies such as medical supplies, emergency tools and personal protective equipment. This section will elaborate on the core content of emergency material reserves and key management points from four aspects: food and drinking water, medical supplies, emergency tools and equipment, and personal protective equipment.

7.1 Food and drinking water

In an emergency, ensuring the basic survival needs of building personnel is a top priority. Food and drinking water reserves are directly related to the survivability and duration of personnel in emergencies. Therefore, it is crucial to calculate the reserve amount scientifically and reasonably and develop an effective regular replacement plan.

The reserve calculation method takes into account several factors, including the building’s daily population capacity, likely detention times, and the needs of special populations. Generally speaking, emergency food stocks should be able to meet the needs of all personnel in the building for at least 72 hours. When calculating, the standard of 2000-2500 calories per person per day can be used, and the diversity of food should be considered to meet the needs of different groups of people, such as low-salt food, gluten-free food, etc. Drinking water reserve calculations are usually based on a minimum of 4 liters per person per day, which includes water for drinking, hygiene and food preparation. Seasonal factors and the building’s special features also need to be taken into account when calculating the total. For example, increased reserves may be needed during the summer, while for medical facilities or buildings with special equipment, additional water may be needed for equipment cooling or cleaning.

A regular replacement schedule is key to ensuring the quality of stocked food and drinking water. Most emergency foods have a shelf life of 3-5 years, while bottled water is usually recommended to be replaced every 6-12 months. When formulating a replacement plan, a detailed inventory management system should be established to record the storage date, shelf life and scheduled replacement date of each batch of materials. In order to improve efficiency and reduce waste, the “first in, first out” principle can be adopted, using materials that are about to expire for employee training or daily consumption, while replenishing new reserves. In addition, regular inspection of storage conditions is also an important part of the plan to ensure that the temperature and humidity of the storage environment meet the requirements to prevent pests and contamination. Some advanced management systems even use RFID technology to automatically track inventory status and generate replacement reminders, greatly improving management efficiency.

7.2 Medical supplies equipment

In an emergency, timely and effective medical assistance can be the key to saving lives. Therefore, rationally equipping medical supplies and ensuring that they are readily available is an extremely important part of emergency material reserves.

The development of a list of commonly used medications requires consideration of the characteristics of the building, the types of emergencies that may occur, and the types of potential injuries and illnesses. Generally speaking, the list should include but not be limited to the following categories of drugs: analgesics (such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen), anti-allergic drugs (such as diphenhydramine), disinfectants (such as iodophor, alcohol), Antibiotic ointment, antidiarrheal medicine, oral rehydration salts, etc. For buildings with special needs, such as places with many elderly people, it may be necessary to add blood pressure medications, diabetes medications, etc. In addition, some medications under special circumstances should also be considered, such as tetanus vaccines that may be needed during earthquake relief. When developing the list, medical professionals should be consulted to ensure that the range of medicines is comprehensive and appropriate. At the same time, a detailed drug management system is established to record the quantity and validity period of each drug, and regularly check and update it.

First aid equipment inspection points cover key aspects of ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of first aid supplies. Common first aid equipment includes automated external defibrillators (AEDs), first aid kits, stretchers, cervical spine immobilizers, etc. For AEDs, check points include battery power, electrode pad validity period, device function testing, etc. Monthly visual inspections and annual full functional testing are generally recommended. The first aid kit should be inspected to ensure that the contents are complete, including bandages, gauze, scissors, tweezers, disposable gloves, etc., and check the expiration dates of all items. Equipment such as stretchers and cervical immobilizers need to be inspected for structural integrity and cleanliness. In addition, you should regularly check whether the storage location of first aid equipment is obvious and easily accessible to ensure that it can be quickly found and used in an emergency. Some advanced management systems use QR codes for identification. After scanning, the inspection history and next inspection date of the equipment can be directly displayed, which improves management efficiency. Regularly organizing staff training on the use of first aid equipment is also an important measure to ensure that these equipment can function in an emergency.

7.3 Emergency tools and equipment

In an emergency, appropriate emergency tools and equipment can greatly improve rescue efficiency and even become the key to self-rescue and mutual rescue. The selection of emergency tools and equipment needs to be tailored according to the characteristics of the building and the risks it may face.

Demolition tooling recommendations need to take into account the structural characteristics of the building and the types of emergencies that may occur. Common demolition tools include crowbars, axes, hydraulic shears, electric saws, pneumatic demolition tools, etc. For high-rise buildings, it may be necessary to equip lightweight demolition tools, such as multi-functional demolition pliers, for easy use in small spaces. For buildings with a large number of glass curtain walls, special glass breaking tools may be required. When equipping these tools, the weight, ease of operation, and versatility of the tools need to be taken into consideration. For example, some multi-functional demolition tools integrate the functions of a crowbar, axe, and hammer, which not only saves space, but also improves practicality. In addition, the number and distribution of tools need to be considered to ensure quick access to key locations in the building. To ensure that these tools can be used effectively in an emergency, regular maintenance and usage training are also indispensable. Some advanced management systems even use smart lock management, which can monitor the location and usage of tools in real time to ensure that tools are not abused or lost.

Portable generator maintenance is an important part of ensuring critical equipment remains operational during a power outage. Portable generators usually use gasoline or diesel as fuel, and their maintenance mainly includes regular inspections of the fuel system, lubrication system, cooling system and electrical system. Fuel system maintenance includes regular replacement of fuel filters and checking fuel lines for leaks or deterioration. Lubrication system maintenance mainly involves regular replacement of engine oil and oil filter, usually every 100 hours of operation or once a year, whichever comes first. Cooling system maintenance includes checking coolant levels, cleaning radiator fins, and more. Electrical system maintenance includes checking battery charge, cleaning spark plugs, and more. In addition to these routine maintenance, regular load tests are also required to ensure that the generator can operate stably at full load. In order to extend the life of the generator and ensure that it is always available, it is recommended to run it at least once a month for about 30 minutes each time. In addition, you also need to pay attention to the storage environment of the generator, ensuring that the storage area is dry, well-ventilated, and away from flammable materials. Some advanced portable generators are equipped with automatic starting systems and remote monitoring functions, which can automatically start in the event of a power outage and monitor the operating status in real time through mobile applications, greatly improving the efficiency of emergency response.

7.4 Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last line of defense for personal safety in hazardous environments. In commercial building emergency plans, the proper provision and management of personal protective equipment is directly related to the safety of personnel during an emergency.

Gas mask use training is key to ensuring that personnel can properly use gas masks to protect their own safety in emergencies such as chemical spills or fires. The training content should include mask type identification, correct wearing method, selection and replacement of canisters, sealing inspection, etc. It is particularly important to emphasize that different types of hazardous substances require the use of different types of canisters, so the training should introduce in detail the types of hazardous substances that may be present in the building and their corresponding canister selection. In addition, daily maintenance methods of masks, such as cleaning, storage, etc., should also be taught. The training format can be a combination of theoretical explanations and practical operations, with regular simulation exercises. In order to improve the training effect, virtual reality (VR) technology can be used to simulate various emergency situations, allowing trainees to learn to use gas masks in a realistic environment. In addition, an online learning platform can be established so that employees can review relevant knowledge at any time. Regular refresher training and assessment are also important means to ensure that personnel always master the correct use methods.

Protective clothing storage requirements are key to ensuring that protective clothing is at its maximum effectiveness when needed. Protective clothing is usually divided into different grades to deal with different levels of danger. Environmental factors need to be considered first when storing, including temperature, humidity and light. Generally speaking, protective clothing should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark environment, with the temperature preferably kept between 10-30°C and the relative humidity controlled at 40%-60%. The storage area should be kept away from strong magnetic fields, corrosive gases and liquids. Protective clothing should be stored flat to avoid folding or compression to prevent material aging or damage. For full-body protective clothing with a respirator, special attention needs to be paid to the protection of the respirator part, and it is usually recommended to store it separately. In addition, a detailed inventory management system needs to be established to record the type, specifications, production date and expiration date of each protective clothing. Many advanced protective clothing have a specific lifespan and require periodic replacement even when not in use. For easy access, protective clothing should be stored by type and size and clearly marked in the storage area. Some advanced management systems use RFID technology to monitor the storage status and validity period of protective clothing in real time and automatically generate replacement reminders. Regular inspection of the integrity of protective clothing is also an important part of storage management, including checking whether the materials are damaged, whether the zippers are intact, whether the seals are effective, etc.

By scientifically and rationally stocking and managing food and drinking water, medical supplies, emergency tools and equipment, and personal protective equipment, commercial buildings can provide necessary survival guarantees and safety protection for personnel in emergencies. This not only improves the building’s ability to respond to various emergencies, but also enhances personnel’s sense of security and confidence. However, material reserves alone are not enough. Regular training, drills and updates are also needed to ensure that these materials can be effectively used in emergencies. At the same time, with the development of science and technology, emergency material management is also constantly evolving, introducing intelligent and automated management systems to improve management efficiency and accuracy. Building managers should keep pace with the times, constantly optimize emergency material reserve strategies, and provide material guarantees for building safety.

Safety of special facilities

In commercial buildings, the safety management of special facilities is an indispensable part of the overall safety system. These special facilities include, but are not limited to, elevator systems, hazardous materials storage areas, mechanical equipment, and special functional areas such as laboratories and data centers. Due to the particularity and potential risks of these facilities, they require more sophisticated and professional safety management measures. This section will explore in detail the safety management strategies for these special facilities, including elevator safety systems, hazardous materials storage safety, mechanical equipment protection, and special area safety measures.

8.1 Elevator safety system

As an indispensable vertical transportation tool in high-rise buildings, the reliability of the elevator’s safety system is directly related to the safety of passengers. Modern elevator safety systems not only include conventional mechanical safety devices, but also integrate intelligent monitoring and emergency systems, of which earthquake sensors and emergency rescue operations are two key components.

Earthquake sensor functional testing is an important step to ensure that the elevator can respond quickly when an earthquake occurs. Modern elevator earthquake sensing systems usually consist of acceleration sensors, signal processing units and control execution units. The test process first requires simulating seismic signals of different intensities to verify whether the sensor can accurately detect vibrations and correctly judge its intensity. This is usually done with specialized vibration simulation equipment that can generate vibration signals that match specific seismic waveform characteristics. Secondly, the response time and judgment accuracy of the signal processing unit need to be checked to ensure that it can make correct judgments within milliseconds. Finally, it is necessary to test the response of the control execution unit to verify whether the elevator can quickly stop at the nearest floor and open the door according to the preset program, or whether it can stop directly in place in a stronger earthquake. Testing frequency is typically quarterly, but more frequent testing may be required in earthquake-prone areas. In addition, the overall seismic design of the building should be combined with regular inspections of key structures such as elevator shafts and machine rooms to ensure that their integrity can be maintained during earthquakes. Some advanced elevator systems are even equipped with remote monitoring functions, which can monitor the working status of earthquake sensors in real time and automatically alarm when abnormalities are detected.

Emergency rescue operation training is key to ensuring that trapped people can be rescued quickly and safely in the event of elevator failure or emergency. Training targets typically include property management personnel, security personnel, and firefighting personnel. The training content should cover elevator mechanical principles, common fault types, elevator operating characteristics in emergency situations, and specific rescue operation steps. It is particularly important to emphasize that different makes and models of elevators may have different rescue procedures, so training should be specific to the actual elevator model installed in the building. During the training process, various possible emergency situations should be simulated, such as power outages, mechanical failures, fires, etc., so that trainees can become familiar with the correct rescue procedures in these situations. For example, when simulating a power outage, you should be trained on how to use a manual traction wheel to move the car to the nearest floor. Training should also include how to communicate effectively with trapped people to reduce their panic. In addition, they also need to be taught how to use rescue tools correctly, such as door openers, crowbars, etc. In order to improve the training effect, virtual reality (VR) technology can be used to create realistic rescue scenes, allowing trainees to experience various emergency situations in a safe environment. Regular practical drills are also essential, and it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive rescue drill every six months. Some large commercial buildings have even established specialized elevator rescue training centers, equipped with various types of elevator simulation devices, to provide more professional and systematic training for rescue personnel.

8.2 Safety of dangerous goods storage

In many commercial buildings, especially those involved in manufacturing, research and development, or healthcare, the storage of hazardous materials is an unavoidable safety challenge. Proper management of these hazardous materials is not only related to the safety of personnel within the building, but also directly affects environmental protection and legal compliance.

Chemical classification storage rules are the basis for safe management of dangerous goods storage. These rules are based on the chemical’s physicochemical properties, hazardous characteristics, and potential interactions. First, chemicals should be classified into broad categories based on their main hazardous characteristics, which usually include flammable and explosive materials, corrosive substances, oxidants, reducing agents, toxic substances, etc. Within each broad category, further subdivisions are required based on specific chemical properties. For example, although acids and alkalis are both corrosive substances, they must be stored separately. It is also necessary to consider the compatibility between chemicals during storage and avoid placing substances that may cause dangerous reactions together. For example, strong oxidizers cannot be stored together with flammable materials. In addition, the design of storage areas also needs to follow specific rules, such as setting up leak-proof floors, equipping with appropriate ventilation systems, and installing temperature and humidity control equipment. For particularly hazardous materials, specialized storage cabinets or storage rooms may be required, equipped with independent fire protection systems and gas detection systems. At the management level, a detailed chemical inventory management system should be established to record the name, quantity, location, entry and exit records and other information of each chemical. Advanced management systems can even use RFID technology to track the location and status of chemicals in real time and automatically generate storage recommendations, reducing the risk of human error. Regular safety reviews and employee training are also key to ensuring these rules are strictly enforced.

Leak detection system inspection is another important part of ensuring the safety of hazardous materials storage. Modern leak detection systems usually include a variety of sensors, such as gas concentration sensors, liquid level sensors, pressure sensors, etc., as well as a central control unit and alarm system. The inspection process first requires verification of each sensor’s sensitivity and accuracy. This is usually done by introducing a standard concentration of gas or liquid sample and observing whether the sensor responds correctly within a specified time. For the gas detection system, it is also necessary to check whether the sampling pipeline is smooth and whether the pump is in normal working condition. Secondly, the data processing capabilities and logical judgment capabilities of the central control unit need to be tested to ensure that it can correctly interpret information from multiple sensors and make accurate leakage judgments. The inspection of the alarm system includes functional testing of the sound and light alarm device, verification of the accuracy of the alarm information, and linkage testing with other systems (such as fire protection systems, ventilation systems). In addition, the system’s backup power supply also needs to be checked to ensure that the system can still operate normally in the event of a power outage. The frequency of inspections is usually a comprehensive inspection once a month and a simple functional test every week. Some advanced leak detection systems have self-diagnostic functions, which can monitor the working status of each part of the system in real time and automatically alarm when abnormalities are found. In addition, combined with Internet of Things technology, remote monitoring and data analysis can be achieved, improving the reliability and intelligence of the detection system. Regular emergency drills are also part of the inspection to ensure that in the event of an actual leak, relevant personnel can respond quickly and correctly.

8.3 Protection of mechanical equipment

In many commercial buildings, especially those involving production or maintenance, the safe operation of various mechanical equipment is directly related to the personal safety of operators and the production efficiency of the enterprise. Mechanical equipment protection mainly includes two aspects: the integrity of the safety shield and the reliability of the emergency shutdown device.

Safety guard integrity inspection is the basic work to ensure the safe operation of mechanical equipment. The main function of the safety guard is to isolate dangerous parts of the equipment, such as rotating shafts, transmission belts, cutting tools, etc., to prevent operators from directly contacting these parts and causing injury. The inspection process first requires confirming that all locations where the guard should be installed are correctly installed. This requires referring to the original design drawings and safety specifications of the equipment to ensure nothing is missed. Secondly, you need to check whether the material of the shield meets the requirements. Common shield materials include metal mesh, steel plate, plexiglass, etc. Different hazard types may require different materials. For example, equipment that may produce high-velocity splash may require the use of high-strength steel plates or special ballistic-resistant materials. Again, you need to check whether the guard is firmly fixed to ensure that it will not loosen or fall off during operation of the equipment. Special attention should be paid to the fact that some removable guards should be equipped with interlocking devices to automatically stop the operation of the equipment when the guard is opened. In addition, it is also necessary to check whether the guard is damaged such as deformation, cracks, corrosion, etc. If any damage is found, replace it immediately. Inspection frequency generally recommends a visual inspection per shift and a detailed inspection once a week. For some high-speed operation or high-risk equipment, more frequent inspections may be required. Advanced management systems may use sensors to monitor the status of the shield in real time, and automatically alarm and stop equipment operation if an abnormality is detected. Regular employee training is also an important part of ensuring the effectiveness of the shield, so that operators can fully understand the importance of the shield and develop the habit of checking the shield before operation.

Emergency shutdown device testing is key to ensuring that equipment can be stopped quickly in the event of a hazardous situation. Emergency stop devices usually include eye-catching emergency stop buttons, pull rope switches, foot switches, etc., as well as corresponding control circuits and actuators. The testing process begins with checking the visual integrity and operability of all emergency stop devices to ensure they are clearly located and easy to operate. Secondly, the function of each emergency stop device needs to be tested to verify whether it can cut off the power source of the equipment and bring it to a complete stop within a specified time (usually within 1 second) after activation. For some equipment with large inertia, it may be necessary to test the effectiveness of the braking system to ensure that the equipment can stop within a safe distance. In addition, the reset function after an emergency stop needs to be tested to ensure that the device does not automatically restart without authorization. For some complex production lines, it is also necessary to test the linkage effect of emergency stops to ensure that an emergency stop in one area can trigger the stop of equipment in related areas. Frequency of testing is typically recommended for functional testing once a week and full testing once a month. For some high-risk devices, more frequent testing may be required. Some advanced emergency stop systems have self-diagnostic functions, which can monitor the working status of the system in real time and automatically alarm when abnormalities are detected. In addition, combined with IoT technology, remote monitoring and data analysis can be achieved to improve the reliability and response speed of the emergency stop system. Regular emergency drills are also part of the test to ensure that in the event of an actual emergency, operators can quickly and accurately activate the emergency stop device.

8.4 Security measures for special areas

In commercial buildings, some special functional areas require targeted safety measures due to their unique uses and potential risks. This section will focus on the security management strategies for two special areas, laboratories and data centers.

Laboratory ventilation system evaluation is a key step in ensuring safe laboratory operation. Laboratory ventilation systems not only need to maintain indoor air quality, but more importantly, prevent the spread of harmful gases, dust or biological agents. The assessment process begins with checking that the overall design of the ventilation system meets the laboratory’s specific needs and relevant standards. This includes whether parameters such as fresh air volume, exhaust air volume, and number of air changes meet the requirements. It is important to note that different types of laboratories may have different ventilation needs, such as chemical laboratories and biological laboratories. Second, the actual operating effectiveness of the ventilation system needs to be evaluated. This is usually done through smoke testing, airflow visualization techniques, or using instruments such as anemometers and differential pressure gauges. For example, smoke testing can visually observe the direction of airflow and determine whether there are dead corners or short circuits. For negative pressure laboratories, the stability of differential pressure control also needs to be particularly checked. In addition, the performance of the fume hood needs to be evaluated, including face wind speed, airflow organization, etc., to ensure that it can effectively capture and eliminate harmful gases. The maintenance status of the system is also an important part of the assessment, including filter replacement, fan operating status, etc. Frequency of assessments typically recommends a comprehensive assessment on a quarterly basis and a simple functional check on a weekly basis. Some advanced laboratory ventilation systems are equipped with real-time monitoring devices that can continuously monitor key parameters such as wind speed, pressure difference, etc., and automatically alarm when abnormalities are detected. In addition, combined with the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence technology, the intelligent adjustment of the ventilation system can be realized, and the ventilation parameters can be dynamically adjusted according to the actual usage of the laboratory, which not only ensures safety but also saves energy. Regular operator training is also an important part of ensuring the effectiveness of the ventilation system, allowing users to understand the importance of the system and its correct use.

Data center temperature and humidity monitoring is the key to ensuring the normal operation and energy efficiency of data center equipment. Data centers have extremely high requirements for temperature and humidity control due to their high density of heat-sensitive equipment and continuous operation characteristics. Temperature and humidity monitoring systems usually include temperature sensors and humidity sensors distributed in various areas of the data center, data acquisition and processing units, display and alarm systems, etc. The monitoring process first requires ensuring the accuracy and reliability of all sensors, which is usually achieved through regular calibration. The arrangement of sensors also needs to be scientific and reasonable. It is usually recommended to install sensors at key locations such as the front and rear of each cabinet, hot and cold aisles, and air conditioning outlets to obtain a comprehensive temperature and humidity distribution. Secondly, appropriate temperature and humidity thresholds need to be set. Generally speaking, the ideal temperature range for data centers is 18-27°C, and the relative humidity range is 40%-60%. However, specific settings also need to consider the equipment manufacturer’s recommendations and the balance of energy efficiency. The monitoring system should be able to display the temperature and humidity data of each point in real time and alarm in a timely manner when the threshold is exceeded. More advanced systems can also generate heat maps to visually display temperature distribution in the data center. In addition, the monitoring system should also have data recording and analysis functions. Through trend analysis of long-term data, possible problems can be predicted and preventive maintenance can be performed. For example, if the temperature in a certain area continues to increase, it may indicate a decrease in cooling system efficiency or the development of hot spots. Some advanced data center temperature and humidity monitoring systems also integrate artificial intelligence algorithms, which can predict future temperature and humidity changes based on historical data and current load conditions, and automatically adjust the operating parameters of the refrigeration system to achieve precise temperature and humidity control and energy optimization. . In addition, combined with Internet of Things technology, remote monitoring and management can be achieved, improving response speed and management efficiency. Regular emergency drills are also necessary to ensure that managers can quickly take correct response measures when serious temperature and humidity abnormalities occur.

Commercial buildings can significantly improve their overall safety level through comprehensive management of elevator safety systems, hazardous materials storage safety, mechanical equipment protection and special area safety measures. The safety management of these special facilities requires not only professional knowledge and skills, but also continuous investment and improvement. With the continuous advancement of technology, especially the application of new technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the safety management of special facilities is becoming more intelligent and refined. Building managers should keep pace with the times and constantly update safety management strategies and technologies to cope with increasingly complex safety challenges and ensure the safety of all personnel and assets in the building. At the same time, we also need to pay attention to the balance between safety management and daily operational efficiency, and try to minimize the impact on normal business activities while ensuring safety. Only through systematic and scientific management can the long-term safe operation of special facilities be truly realized.

Disaster prevention management and training

9.1 Disaster prevention drill plan

The disaster prevention drill plan is a core component of enterprise safety management. It not only improves employees’ emergency response capabilities, but also tests the effectiveness of existing disaster prevention measures. A complete disaster prevention drill plan should include two key aspects: annual drill plan formulation and multi-scenario drill design.

In the formulation of annual drill plans, companies need to develop a comprehensive disaster prevention drill plan at the beginning of each year. This plan should take into account the special risk factors in the region where the enterprise is located, such as natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and typhoons, as well as man-made disasters such as fires and chemical leaks. The time, location, participants, exercise content and expected objectives of each exercise should be clearly specified in the plan. At the same time, the frequency of drills must be reasonably arranged, so that they cannot be too frequent and affect normal work, nor should the intervals be too long, causing the emergency awareness to dilute.

Multi-scenario drill design is the key to improving an enterprise’s comprehensive disaster prevention capabilities. Drill scenarios should cover a variety of possible disaster situations, such as fire evacuation drills, earthquake response drills, chemical leakage handling drills, and medical first aid drills. When designing these drill scenarios, the real situation should be restored as much as possible, including simulating smoke, sirens, obstacles, etc., to enhance the authenticity and effectiveness of the drill. Through diversified drill scenarios, employees can accumulate experience in different types of emergencies and improve their resilience.

9.2 Employee safety training

Employee safety training is the basis for improving overall disaster prevention capabilities. It should cover all employees and provide targeted training based on the characteristics of different positions. This includes two aspects: safety education content for new employees and a regular safety knowledge update mechanism.

New employees should receive comprehensive safety education when joining the company, which should include an introduction to corporate safety culture and policies, identification of common hazards in the workplace, the correct use of personal protective equipment, the location of emergency evacuation routes and assembly points, the location of fire-fighting equipment and Instructions for use, basic first aid knowledge and skills, and safe operating procedures for special positions. These basic knowledge will help new employees quickly adapt to the work environment and maintain safety awareness in their daily work.

To ensure that employees’ safety knowledge and skills are always up to date, companies should establish a regular safety knowledge update mechanism. This can include organizing a safety knowledge lecture every quarter, inviting experts to explain the latest safety regulations and technologies; using the company’s internal communication platform to regularly push safety tips and case studies; establishing a safety knowledge competition system to encourage employees to actively learn and update safety Knowledge; timely update training content and methods based on industry development and new technology applications. Through these measures, you can ensure that your employees’ safety knowledge always keeps up to date and adapts to the changing work environment and potential risks.

9.3 Emergency response team

An efficient emergency response team is the key to a company’s successful response to emergencies. The organizational structure and segregation of responsibilities of an emergency response team are critical to its effectiveness.

The recommended team organizational structure includes the commander-in-chief, deputy commander, communications team, evacuation team, rescue team, logistics team and technical support team. The commander-in-chief is usually the senior manager of the enterprise, responsible for overall decision-making and coordination; the deputy commander assists the commander-in-chief and performs duties when the commander-in-chief is not present; the communication team is responsible for internal and external information transmission and communication; the evacuation team is responsible for personnel evacuation and inventory ; The rescue team is responsible for on-site rescue and medical support; the logistics team is responsible for material supply and logistical support; the technical support team provides professional technical support, such as chemical processing, equipment maintenance, etc.

Each team member should receive targeted training to ensure they can perform their duties effectively during an emergency. For example, the commander-in-chief and deputy commanders should focus on training decision-making capabilities, overall control and resource allocation; the communication team should be proficient in the use of various communication equipment to improve the accuracy and timeliness of information transmission; the evacuation team should focus on training in rapid evacuation skills and personnel counting methods; the rescue team needs to strengthen professional rescue skills, such as high-altitude rescue, chemical handling, medical first aid, etc. This targeted training ensures that every team member can perform their best in an emergency.

9.4 Continuous improvement mechanism

Disaster prevention management is a process that requires continuous improvement and improvement. Enterprises should establish a continuous improvement mechanism to ensure the continuous improvement of disaster prevention capabilities. This includes two key links: the post-exercise evaluation method and the improvement measures tracking system.

Post-exercise evaluation is an important means to improve disaster prevention capabilities. Effective evaluation methods include: instant feedback, holding a summary meeting immediately after the exercise to collect direct feedback from participants; data analysis, recording key data during the exercise, such as evacuation time, response speed, etc., and comparing it with the preset goals. ;Video playback, which uses recordings to analyze in detail the problems and highlights during the drill; third-party evaluation, which invites external experts to conduct objective evaluations and provide professional opinions; employee questionnaires, which collect employees’ evaluations and suggestions on the drill through anonymous questionnaires. These multi-angle evaluation methods can comprehensively reflect the effectiveness of the exercise and identify areas for improvement.

In order to ensure that the evaluation results are effectively used, companies need to establish a complete improvement measure tracking system. This system should include establishing a problem list and listing specific problems that need improvement based on the evaluation results; formulating an improvement plan and formulating a detailed improvement plan for each problem, including the person responsible, completion time, required resources, etc.; progress tracking and regular inspections Improve the implementation progress of measures and promptly resolve difficulties in the implementation process; effect verification, verify the effect of improvement measures in the next drill or actual application. Through this cyclical improvement approach, enterprises can continuously improve their disaster prevention capabilities and adapt to the changing risk environment.

Conclusion: Disaster prevention self-examination is an indispensable part of enterprise safety management. Through regular and systematic self-examination, enterprises can promptly discover potential safety hazards, evaluate the effectiveness of existing disaster prevention measures, and formulate targeted improvement plans. This proactive approach to disaster prevention management can not only effectively reduce the risk of disasters, but also minimize losses when disasters occur.

We strongly recommend that enterprises establish long-term disaster prevention management mechanisms. This mechanism should be dynamic and keep pace with the times. With the development of science and technology, the update of regulations and the changes of enterprises themselves, disaster prevention management also needs to be constantly adjusted and optimized. Regularly updating knowledge and facilities is key to maintaining disaster resilience. Enterprises should establish a regular review system, pay close attention to the latest safety technologies and management methods in the industry, strengthen exchanges with other enterprises in the same industry, safety experts, and government departments, cultivate a safety culture within the enterprise, and regard investment in disaster prevention as an important factor in the future of the enterprise. important investment.

Remember, effective disaster prevention management can not only protect the safety of the company’s personnel and property, but also enhance the company’s social image and enhance employees’ sense of belonging and loyalty. Let’s work together to build a safer, more resilient business environment.

appendix:

1. Latest Japanese safety standards reference list

The following are the latest major safety standards in Japan. Enterprises should choose the applicable standards according to their own circumstances and strictly abide by them:

– JIS Q 45001:2018 Occupational health and safety management system requirements and usage guidelines

– Fire Protection Law (Latest revised edition, Reiwa 3, 2021)

– Building Standards Act (Latest revised edition, Reiwa 3, 2021)

– Industrial Safety and Health Law (Latest revised version, Reiwa 3, 2021)

– High Pressure Gas Security Act (Latest Revised Edition, Reiwa 2, 2020)

– JIS A 1301:2019 Design standards for earthquake protection of buildings

– JIS Z 8115:2019 Safety colors and safety signs

– JIS T 8157:2018 General requirements for personal protective equipment

Note: Please check the official websites of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) regularly for the latest standard update information.

2. List of commonly used inspection tools

To ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of security checks, it is recommended to equip the following tools:

– Infrared thermal imaging camera: used to detect abnormal heating points in electrical equipment and pipelines

– Gas detector: used to detect leaks of flammable gases and toxic gases

– Noise meter: measures the noise level in the working environment

– Light meter: Check whether the workplace lighting meets the standards

– Insulation resistance tester: detects the insulation performance of electrical equipment

– Crack width measuring instrument: used for building safety inspections

– Protective Equipment Integrity Check Kit: used to check the integrity and effectiveness of personal protective equipment

– Portable emergency lighting equipment: for checking emergency evacuation routes

– Distance meter: used to measure safety distance and escape route length

– Digital camera or video camera: records the inspection process and problems found

3. Important contact information

The following are important departments and agencies that may need to be contacted in an emergency (please update the specific contact information according to the region where the company is located):

– Fire Department: 119 (common nationwide)

– Police: 110 (available nationwide)

– Emergency center: 119 (available nationwide)

– Local Meteorological Agency: For example, Tokyo 03-3212-8341 (please update to the number of your area)

– Earthquake Monitoring Center: For example, Japan Meteorological Agency Earthquake and Volcanology Department 03-3212-8341 (please update to the number of your region)

– Local Work Safety Supervision and Administration Bureau: (please fill in the specific contact information)

– Local Environmental Protection Bureau: (please fill in the specific contact information)

– Electric power company emergency contact number: For example, Tokyo Electric Power Company 0120-995-007 (please update to the number for your region)

– Gas company emergency contact number: For example, Tokyo Gas 0570-002299 (please update to the number in your region)

– Emergency contact number of the water company: (please fill in the specific contact information)

– Company designated medical institution: (please fill in the specific contact information)

4. Self-examination record form template

The following is a basic self-examination record form template that companies can adjust and expand based on specific needs:

Safety self-check record form

Date: ________ Inspector: ________ Department: ________

Overall comments and recommendations:_______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Next inspection date: ________

Signature of the inspector: _________ Signature of the department head: _________ Signature of the safety manager: ________

Note: This form should be appropriately adjusted according to the specific circumstances of the enterprise and industry characteristics. After each self-inspection, records should be kept and the implementation of corrective measures followed up.